| Letters to the Editor: |
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P. Dobreva
Lesson-Matinee in Chemistry with Pupils of Grades 1, 11 and 12 | 83 |
E. Gelovska, M. Dimitrova
Use of Interactive Methods in Organic Chemistry Learning in the Secondary School | 85 |
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| Curriculum Matters: |
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V. Dimitrova, M. Mitov, S. Manev
How to Learn Hydrogen Technologies in the Secondary SchoolFull text: PDF (182 K) | 89 |
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| Teaching Efficiency: |
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A. Gendjova
A Study of Quality of Home Chemistry Activity Tools | 98 |
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| Teaching Chemical Experiment: |
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V.M. Petrusevski, M. Bukleski
The Economic Demonstrator: Prepare It Once, Use It Many Times. III. Phenomena of Discontinous Thermochromism | 109 |
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| Advanced Chemistry: |
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I. Kuleff
Brevium or Protoactinium or the Parent Substance of Actinium | 118 |
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| From the Research Laboratories: |
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H.R. Pouretedal, M.H. Keshavarz, A. Semnani, M. Rafat
Spectrophotometric-Partial Least-Squares Calibration Method for Determination of Cobalt, Nickel, Copper and Zinc Simultaneously in Micellar Media | 128 |
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| History and Philosophy of Chemistry: |
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R. Pisano
A History of Chemistry a la Koyre? Introduction and Setting of an Epistemological ProblemFull text: PDF (177 K) | 143 |
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| Reviews: |
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A. Lirkov
Dukov's Textbook on Chemical Elements | 162 |
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| Archives: |
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B.V. Toshev
Matriculation: 1895/96 | 164 |
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| Announcement: |
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N. Naydenov
A Competition for the Shimadzu Award of the Union of Bulgarian Chemists "Best Graduation Theses", 2007 | 166 |
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Khimiya, Volume 17, Issue 2
(2008) Khimiya. 17, 89-0 (2008) Author(s): V. Dimitrova, M. Mitov, S. Manev: Abstract.It is expected the involvement of the hydrogen technologies in many industry fields to be an essential feature of the sustainable development of the mankind. That’s why a positive attitude to those technologies should be shaped as soon as possible. The school provides such an opportunity. Two school subjects seem to be appropriate for successful learning of hydrogen technologies – ‘Man and Nature’ (early science education) and ‘Chemistry and Environment” (in secondary school). Ideas and proper examples for such kind of learning are presented and discussed in the present paper.
Keywords: hydrogen technologies, chemistry teaching and learning
References:
1. Митов, М., Я. Петров, С. Манев. Демонстрационен горивен елемент. Химия 14, 440-445 (2005).
2. Митов, М., Г. Христов, Е. Христова, С. Манев. Експерименти с демонстрационен горивен елемент Demi Cell (с. 106-109). В. Сборник с доклади на XXXV Национална конференция по въпроси на обучението по физика „Експериментът в обучението по химия”, Съюз на физиците в България, София, 2007.
3. Митов, М., Д. Николова, Е. Далева, Д. Митов, С. Манев. Демострационен модел на екологосъобразна енергийна система (с. 89-92). В.Сборник с доклади на XXXV Национална конференция по въпроси на обучението по физика „Експериментът в обучението по химия”, Съюз на физиците в България, София, 2007.
Corresponding author: v_dimitrova@mail.bg
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Khimiya. 17, 98-0 (2008) Author(s): A. Gendjova: Abstract.This paper presents a study of quality of home chemistry experiments and their worksheets, designed for 7th grade students. Some requirements about the implementation of home chemistry experiments are considered. They are directed to the experimental equipment, safety, procedures and set of didactic requirements. On the base of such demands several indicators are defined and research tools are worked out, i.e. Control chart for determination of technical quality of home experiments and Control chart for determination of didactic quality of home activity worksheets. As a result, the chemistry experiments and worksheets with good quality are selected. They are appropriated for autonomous home activity of 7th grade students in chemistry.
Keywords: home chemistry activity, home chemistry experiments, worksheets quality
References:
1. Генджова, А., Л. Боянова. За домашния химичен експеримент. Химия 14, 280-288 (2005)
2. Haury, D., P. Rillero. Perspective of Hands-on Science Teaching. ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics,and Environmental Education, Columbus, 1994.
3. Wilson, J., M. Stensvold. Improving Laboratory Instruction: An Interpretation of Research. J. College Science Teaching, 20, 350-353 (1991).
4. Малчева, З., Л. Генкова, В. Найденова. Методика и техника на учебния химичен експеримент. Унив. Издателство ”Неофит Рилски”, Благоевград, 2000.
5. Gendjova A. On the Selection of Home Chemical Experiments for Enhancing 7th Grade Pupils’ Interest to Chemistry. Chemistry 15, 29-39 (2006) In Bulgarian.
6. Генджова, А., Л. Боянова. Организация на домашни химични опити за повишаване интереса на учениците в седми клас. Химия, 14 , 289-299 (2005).
7. Генджова, А. Повишаване интереса на учениците към химията чрез домашни химични опити. Дисертация за образователната и научна степен „доктор”, София, 2007.
8. Боянова, Л., А. Соколова, Ш. Динков, З. Малчева. Тетрадка по химия 7. клас. Макрос 2001, Плoвдив., 1998.
9. Ольгин, О.Опиты без взрывов. Химия, Москва, 1986.
10. Пацова К., Т. Гюмюшева. Направи си сам. Практическа химия. Народна просвета, София, 1981.
11. Прес, Х. Да навлезем в науката с игри. Техника, София, 1987.
12. Гроссе, Е., Х. Вайсмантель. Химия для любознательных. Химия, Ленинград,1985.
13. Лилов И. , Л. Василева, С. Попов, К. Манолов, Б. Матеева, М. Миневска. Четива, любопитни факти и задачи по химия. Част 1. Народна просвета, София, 1988.
14. Brent R. The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments - How To Set Up Home Laboratory – Over 200 Simple Experiments. Golden Press, New York, 1960.
15. Gardner, M. Entertaining Science Experiments with Everyday Objects. Dover, New York, 1981.
16. Arnold, N. Chemical Chaos. Scholastic, London, 1998.
17. VanCleave, J. Chemistry for Every Kid: 101 Easy Experiments that Really Work. Jossey-Bass, 1989.
18. Parrill, A.L. Everyday Chemical Reactions: A Writing Assignment to Promote Synthesis of Concept and Relevance in Chemistry. J. Chem. Educ. 77, 1303-1304 (2000).
19. Van Doren, J. M., L.P. Nestor, W.B. Knighton. Engaging Students in the Action of Chemistry: An Effective, Fun, and Inexpensive Outreach Program. J. Chem. Educ. 74, 1178 - 1179 (1997).
20. Cobb, V. Science Experiments You Can Eat. Harper Trophy, New York, 1984.
21. D’Amico J., K.E. Drummond. The Science Chef: 100 Fun Food Experiments and Recipes for Kids. Jossey-Bass, 1994.
22. Близнаков, Г., Л. Боянова, М. Минчева, М. Петрова. Химия. 7 клас. Просвета, Ссофия, 2003.
Author's E-Mail: agendjova@chem.uni-sofia.bg
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Khimiya. 17, 109-0 (2008) Author(s): V.M. Petrusevski, M. Bukleski: Abstract.Sealed ampoules containing solids that show pronounced thermochromism were prepared, thus continuing the series “prepare it once – use it many times” of the economic demonstrator. Two types of thermochromic solids were prepared: silver, copper(I) and thallium(I) tetraiodomercurate(II), on one hand, and diethylammonium tetrachloro¬cuprate or tetrachloronickelate, on the other.
Keywords: thermochromism, discontinuous; silver tetraiodomercurate(II); copper(I) tetraiodomercurate(II); thallium(I) tetraiodomercurate; diethylammonium tetrachloro¬cuprate(II); diethylammonium tetrachloro¬nickelate(II)
References:
1. Monković, M., V.M. Petruševski, M. Bukleski. The Economic Demonstrator: Prepare It Once, Use It Many Times. I. Continuous Thermochromism in the NO2 – N2O4 System – Equilibrium Shifts Induced by Temperature Changes. Chemistry 15, 256–264 (2006).
2. Petruševski, V.M., M. Bukleski, M. Monković. The Economic Demonstrator: Prepare It Once, Use It Many Times. II. Continuous Thermochromism in Aqueous Solutions of Transition Metal Chlorides. Chemistry. 16, 20–26 (2007).
3. Summerlin, L.R., J.L. Ealy, Jr. Chemical Demonstrations. A Sourcebook for Teachers, Vol. 1, 2nd Edition, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1988, pp. 79–80.
4. Summerlin, L.R., J.L. Ealy, Jr. Chemical Demonstrations. A Sourcebook for Teachers, Vol. 1, 2nd Edition, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1988, pp. 83–84.
5. Shakhashiri, B.Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook of Teachers of Che¬mistry, Volume 1. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1983, pp. 280–285.
6. Shakhashiri, B.Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook of Teachers of Che¬mistry, Volume 1. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1983, pp. 314–317.
7. Lavabre, D., J. Micheau, G. Levy. Comparison of Thermochromic Equilibria of Co(II) and NI(II) Complexes. J. Chem. Educ. 65, 274–277 (1988).
8. Bare, W.D., E.K. Mellon. Thermochromic Behavior of Cobalt(II) Halides in Nonaqueous Solvents and on Filter Paper. J. Chem. Educ. 68, 779–780 (1991).
9. Hughes, J.G. Thermochromic Solids. J. Chem. Educ. 75, 57 (1998).
10. Van Oort, M.J.M. Preparation of Simple Thermochromic Solids. J. Chem. Educ. 65, 84 (1988).
11. Choi, S., A. Larrabee. Thermochromic Tetrachlorocuprate (II): An Advanced Integrated Laboratory Experiment. J. Chem. Educ. 66, 774–776 (1989).
12. Changyun, C., Z. Zhihua, Z. Yiming, D. Jiangyan. Solid State Synthesis of a Thermochromic Compound. J. Chem. Educ. 77, 1206–1207 (2000).
13. Day, J.H. Thermochromism of Inorganic Compounds. Chem. Rev. 68, 649–657 (1968).
14. Jaw, H.R.C., M.A. Mooney, T. Novinson, W.C. Kaska, J.I. Zink. Optical Properties of the Thermochromic Compounds Disilver Tetraiodomercurate(2-) and Dicopper Tetraiodomercurate(2-). Inorg. Chem. 26, 1387–1391 (1987).
15. Roesky, H.W., K. Mockel. Chemical Curiosities, VCH, Weinheim, 1996, pp. 249–250.
16. Aleksovska, R., M. Livneh, M. Najdoski. Thermochromism of the Macedonian Flag. Bull. Chem. Technol. Macedonia 24, 157–161 (2005).
Corresponding Author: vladop@iunona.pmf.ukim.ed.mk
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Khimiya. 17, 118-0 (2008) Author(s): I. Kuleff: Abstract.In the present paper some information about discovering of the chemical element protactinium is given. For the first time protactinium isotope 234mPa was discovered by Fajans and Göhring in 1913. Later in 1918 Hahn and Meitner discovered the isotope 231Pa, which is the parent substance of actinium, e.g. its radioactive decay leads to actinium-227. The isotope with mass 231 has the longest half-live among the isotopes of protactinium. So, according to the rules of IUPAC, the name given by Fajans and Gohring – brevium must be changed to protoactinium – given by Hahn and Meitner. In 1949 IUPAC changed the name protoactinium with shortened protactinium. Some information about the chemical properties of protactinium as well as about the possible application of protactinium for absolute dating of archaeological finds using the method for destroyed radioactive equilibrium is given as well.
Keywords: brevium, protoactinium, protactinium, absolute dating
References:
1. Fajans, K., O. Gohring. Ueber das Uran X2 – das neue Element der Uranreihe. Physik. Z. 14, 877-884 (1913).
2. Sime, R.L. The Discovery of Protactinium. J. Chem Educ. 63, 653-657 (1986).
3. Hahn, O., L. Meitner. Die Muttersubstanz des Actiniums, ein neues radioktives Element von langer Lebessurer. Physik. Z. 19, 208-218 (1918).
4. Soddy, F., J.A. Cranston. The Parent of Actinium. Proc. Roy. Soc. L Ser. A 94, 384-404 (1918).
5. Kuleff, I. On the Names of the Newest Elements of the Periodic System. Chemistry 14, 196-203 (2005) [In Bulgarian].
6. von Grosse, A., M.S. Agruss. The Isolation of 0.1 gram of the Oxide of Element 91 (Protactinium). J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 56, 2200 (1934).
7. von Grosse, A, M.S. Agruss. Metallic Element 91. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 56, 2200-2201 (1934).
Author: Kuleff@chem.uni-sofia.bg
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Khimiya. 17, 128-0 (2008) Author(s): H.R. Pouretedal, M.H. Keshavarz, A. Semnani, M. Rafat: Abstract.A spectrophotometic-partial least-squares method was proposed for simultaneously determination of cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc in micellar media. Methyl thymol blue and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were used as a color reagent and a surfactant, respectively. Absorbance measurements were made in the amplitude of 560-680 nm with 1.5 nm steps in buffered solutions at pH 6. The linear ranges were obtained in the amplitude of 0.05-3.00, 0.10-4.00, 0.10-3.00 and 0.05-3.50 µg ml-1 for Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, respectively. The proposed method was used for simultaneously determination of mentioned metals in synthetic alloy samples. The satisfactory results were showed that the method was applicable for the analysis of samples with similar matrix.
Keywords: partial least-squares method, Methyl thymol blue, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc
References:
Booksh, K.S., B.R. Kowalski. Theory of Analytical Chemistry, Anal. Chem. 66, 782A-791A (1994).
2. Kuswandi, B., A. Vaughan, R. Narayanaswamy. Simple Regression Model Using an Optode for the Simultaneous Determination of Zinc and Cadmium Mixtures in Aqueous Samples. Anal. Sci. 17, 181-186 (2001).
3. Ni, Y., Trace Metal Determinations by Spectrophotometry with a Double Chromogenic System and a Chemometric Approach. Anal. Chim. Acta 284, 199-205 (1993).
4. Marengo, E., M.C. Gennaro, D. Giacosa, C. Abrigo, G. Saini, M.T. Avignone. How Chemometrics Can Helpfully Assist in Evaluating Environmental Data. Lagoon Water. Anal. Chim. Acta 317, 53-63 (1995).
5. Wold, S., M. Sjostrom, L. Eriksson. PLS-regression: A Basic Tool of Chemometrics. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 58, 109-130 (2001).
6. Abdollahi, A., M. Shariat Panahi, M.R. Khoshayand. Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Cobalt, and Copper by Partial Least-Squares Calibration Method in Micellar Medium, Iranian J. Pharm. Res. 207-217 (2003).
7. Lorber, A., L. Wangen, B.R. Kiwalski. A Theoretical Foundation for the PLS Algorithm. J. Chemom. 1, 19-31 (1986).
8. Haaland, D.M., E.V. Thomas. Partial Least-squares Methods for Spectral Analysis. Anal. Chem. 60, 1193-1202 (1988).
9. Ghasemi, J., S. Ahmadi, K. Torkestani. Simultaneous Determination of Copper, Nickel, Cobalt and Zinc using Zincon as a Metallochromic Indicator with Partial Least Squares. Anal. Chim. Acta 487, 181-188 (2003).
10. Safavi, A., H. Abdollahi, M. Mirzajani. Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Fe(III), Al(III) and Cu(II) by Partial Least-squares Calibration Method. Spectrochim. Acta A 63, 196-199 (2006).
11. Absalan, G., M. Nekoeinia. Simultaneous Kinetic Determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) Based on Their Reactions with NQT4S in Micellar Media by Using PLS and PCR Methods. Anal. Chim. Acta 531, 293-298 (2005).
12. Stangel, G.I., D.A. Roth-Maier, M. Kirchessner. The Findings Indicate a Collaborative Relationship between Vitamin B-12 Metabolism and the Trace Elements Nickel and Cobalt. J. Nutrition 130, 3038-3044 (2000).
13. El-Naggar, M.M., A.M. El-Waseef, K.M. El-Halafawy, I.H. El-Sayed. Antitumor Activities of Vanadium(IV), Manganese(IV), Iron(III), Cobalt(II) and Copper(II) Complexes of 2-Methylaminopyridine. Cancer Letter 133, 71-76 (1998).
14. Zeng, W., Y. Chen, H. Cui, F. Wu, Y. Zhu, J.S. Fritz. Single-Column Method of Ion Chromatography for the Determination of Common Cations and Some Transition Metals. J. Chromatography A 1118, 68-72 (2006).
15. Atanassova, A., R. Lam, D.B. Zamble. A High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Determining Transition Metal Content in Proteins. Anal. Biochem. 335, 103-111 (2004).
16. Li, Z., G. Yang, B. Wang, C. Jiang, J. Yin. Determination of Transition Metal Ions in Tobacco as Their 2-(2-quinolinylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol Derivatives Using Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography with UV–VIS Detection. J. Chromatography A 971, 243-248 (2002).
17. Rao, K.S., T. Balaji, T. Prasada Rao, Y. Babu, G.R.K. Naidu. Determination of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium and Lead in Human Hair by Inductively Coupled Plasma-atomic Emission Spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B: Atomic Spec. 57, 1333-1338 (2002).
18. Türkmen, M., C. Ciminli. Determination of Metals in Fish and Mussel Species by Inductively Coupled Plasma-atomic Emission Spectrometry, Food Chem. 103, 670-675 (2007).
19. Lau, O.W., S.Y. Ho. Simultaneous Determination of Traces of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Mercury and Lead in Water by Energy-dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry After Preconcentration as Their Piperazino-1,4-bis(dithiocarbamate) Complexes. Anal. Chim. Acta 280, 269-277 (1993).
20. Vos, L., Z. Komy, G. Reggers, E. Roekens, R. Van Grieken, R. Determination of Trace Metals in Rain Water by Differential-pulse Stripping Voltammetry Anal. Chim. Acta 184, 271-280 (1986).
21. Garcia-Vargas, M., M.P. Hernandez-Artiga, J.A. Perez-Bustamante. Liquid-Liquid Extraction with 2-acetylpyridinebenzoylhydrazone in the Determination of Traces of Copper, Nickel, Cobalt and Zinc by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 157, 363-367 (1984).
22. Ármannsson, H. Dithlzone Extraction and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of Cadmium, Zinc, Lead, Copper, Nickel, Cobalt and Silver in Sea Water and Biological Tissues. Anal. Chim. Acta 110, 21-28 (1979).
23. Tuzen, M., M. Soylak. Trace Element Levels in Honeys from Different Regions of Turkey. Anal. Chim. Acta 504, 325-330 (2004).
24. Ármannsson, H. The Use of Dithizone Extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, Nickel and Cobalt in Rocks and Sediments. Anal. Chim. Acta 88, 89-95 (1977).
25. Pouretedal, H.R., M. Rafat. Simultaneous Determination of Copper and Nickel by Second-derivative Spectrophotometric Method in Micellar Media. Chinese J. Chem. Soc. 54, 157-164 (2007).
26. Pouretedal, H.R., M.H. Keshavarz. Determination of Trace Amount of Vanadium by Kinetic-Catalytic Spectrophotometric Methods. Chinese J. Chem. 24, 557-565 (2006).
27. Kalivaz, J.H.. Basis Sets for Multivariate Regression. Anal. Chim. Acta 428, 31-40 (2001).
28. Ghasemi, J., R. Amini, A. Niazi. Kinetic Simultaneous Determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) Calibration Method. Anal. Lett. 35, 533-544 (2002).
29. Martens, H., T. Naes. Multivariate Calibration, Wiley, Chichester, 1989.
30. Beebe, K.R., B.R. Kowalski. Nonlinear Calibration Using Projection Pursuit Regression: Application to an Array of Ion-selective Electrodes. Anal. Chem. 60, 2273-2278 (1988).
31.Safavi, A., M. Mirzaee, A. Abdollahi. Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron, Titanium, and Aluminum by Partial Least-Squares Calibration Method in Micellar Medium. Anal. Lett. 36, 699-712 (2003).
32. Diaz Garcia, M.E., A. Sanz-Medel. Dye-surfactant Interactions: A Review. Talanta 33, 255-264 (1986).
33. Jin, G., W. Zhu, W. Jiang, B. Xie, B. Cheng. Spectrophotometric Determination of Cobalt(II) Using the Chromogenic Reagent 4,4-Diazobenzenediazoaminoazobenzene in a Micellar Surfactant Medium,
Analyst 122, 263-265 (1997).
34. Haaland, D.M., E.V. Thomas. Partial Least-squares Methods for Spectral Analyses. 1. Relation to Other Quantitative Calibration Methods and the Extraction of Qualitative Information. Anal. Chem. 60, 1193-1202 (1988).
Corresponding Author: HR_POURETEDAL@mut-es.ac.ir
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Khimiya. 17, 143-0 (2008) Author(s): R. Pisano: Abstract.Alexandre Koyré brilliantly summed up the birth of the modern science trough two historical categories: “destruction of the cosmos” and “geometrization of space”. The aim of this research (still in progress) is inquiring to what extent the revolutionary birth of Chemistry between the 18th and 19th century, along with Arnold Thackray’s excellent criticism to Newtonianism, can be explained trough particular historical and interpreting categories. Those are based upon alternative choices to the ones suggested by Alexandre Koyré in order to clear up the birth of the modern science; thus it is to be grasped how they can express a history of chemistry à la Koyré in a general sense. Considering the specific aim of the present study and for shortness as well I shall avoid to argue about the history of chemistry in general as well as about other important authors; however any reference will be reported in footsteps. My investigation has been developed through two categories of historical interpretation: the order of ideas as an element of understanding the evolution of scientific thought on one hand; and on the other, the use of logic as an element of scanning and control of the organization of the theory. This kind of examination of a theory through the use of categories is valid since the historical exploration of the foundations will not be analyzed using the traditional approach. Obviously, the content of this work could appear potentially factious, since it cannot be assumed to be the only possible perspective.
Keywords: paradigm, Chemistry-Physics relationship, historiography categories, infinite in Mathematics, Logics
References:
1. Heath, T.L. On the Equilibrium of Planes, Book I-II. In.: The Works of Archimedes. Dover N.Y, 2002, pp. 189-220.
2. Tartaglia, N. Libri settimo e ottavo, Qvesiti et Inventioni diverse. De Nicolo Tartarea Brisciano, 1554. (1st ed. 1546), by Masotti A., Brescia, (1959 edition), pp. 78-97.
3. Tartaglia, N. Iordani Opusculum de ponderositate Nicolai Tartaleae studio correctum, nouisque figuris auctum, apud Curtium Troianum. Venetia, 1565.
4. Duhem, P.M. Les origines de la Statique. T. I-II, Hermann (ed.), 1905-06.
5. Clagett, M., E. Moody. The medieval science of weights (Scientia de ponderibus). University of Wisconsin Press, 1960.
6. Dijksterhuis, E.J. Archimedes, Ejnar Munksgaard (ed.), Copenaghen Dijksterhuis, 1956.
7. Capecchi, D., R. Pisano. Reflections on Torricelli’s Principle in the Mechanical Science. Epistemology of the Centre of Gravity (submitted to Historia Mathematica).
8. Pisano, R. Brief Historical Notes on the Theory of Centres of Gravity. The Global and the Local, 2nd ESHS (In press, 2006).
9. Descartes, R. Œuvres de Descartes, par Charles Adams et Paul Tannery, Paris, 12 Voll., (1897-1913) ; also see Discours de la méthode et Essais, Specimina philosophiae Vol. VI; Physico-mathematica Vol. X, Le Monde ou Traité de la lumière, Vol. XI (Id., 1964-1974 by B. Rochot, P. Costabel, J. Beaude et A. Gabbery, Paris).
10. Newton, I. Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. Londini, jussi Societatus Regiae ac typis Josephi Streater; prostat apud plures bibliopolas, 1687.
11. Rosenberg, F. Isaac Newton und seine physikalischen Prinzipien, Barth (ed.), Leipzig, 1895.
12. Drago, A. Le due Opzioni, La Merdiana, Molfetta (Ba), 1991.
13. Drago, A., R. Pisano Interpretation and reconstruction of Sadi Carnot’s Réflexions through Original Sentences Belonging to Non-classical Logic, Fond. Ronchi, LIX 5, 2004, pp. 615-644.
14. Shapiro, A.E. Experiment and Mathematics in Newton’s Theory of Colour. Phys. Today, 37, 34-42 (1984).
15. Newton, I. Queries. Optics, 4th English Edition corrected, London, W. Innys (ed.), London, (1730).
16. Newton, I. De Natura Acidorum, Lexicon Technjcum, London, 1692, (1723), see B2 e B3.
17. Horsley, S. (ed.). Isaaci Newtoni opera quae existant omnia, 5 voll., 1779-85: see Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, edition, Vol. IV, 1964, pp. 397-400.
18. Kuhn, T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, 1962.
19. Kuhn, T. Black-body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912, Oxford University Press (ed.), 1978.
20. Kuhn, T. The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research, Scientific Change. Historical Studies in the Intellectual, Social and Technical Conditions for Scientific Discovery and Technical Invention, from Antiquity to Present, Heinemann Educational Books ed., London, 1963, pp. 347-369.
21. Kuhn, T. Reflections on my Critics: Criticism and Growth of knowledge, Proceedings of International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science, 1965: see Cambridge Univ. Press., 1970, pp. 231-278
22. Kuhn, T. Second Thoughts on Paradigms. In.: Suppe F. (Ed.) The Structure of Scientific Theories, University of Illinois Press, 1974, pp. 459-482.
23. Drago, A., P. Cerreta. Il programma storiografico di Kuhn caratterizzato secondo due programmi di ricerca sui fondamenti della scienza. In.: Garuccio, A. (Ed.): Atti XXIII Congresso Società Italiana Storia Fisica e Astronomia, Bari, 2003, pp. 120-130.
24. Duveen, D.I., H.S. Klickstein. A Bibliography of the Works of A.L. Lavoisier, Dawson & Sons, Lid. & E. Weil, London, 1954.
25. Partington, J.R. A History of Chemistry, London, 1964.
26. Solovev, J. L’evoluzione del pensiero chimico, Mondatori (ed.), Milano, 1976.
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28. Lavoisier, A.L. Traité élémentaire de Chimie, Gauthier-Villars (ed.), Paris, Tome I-Ivr, 1937.
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Author: pisanoraffaele@iol.it
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